Which methodology focuses on reducing waste in processes used within units?

• A. Kanban
• B. Lean
• C. Six Sigma
• D. Total Quality

Answer: (B)

Reducing waste in processes is the hallmark of Lean. Lean aims to maximize value for the customer by removing non-value-added steps and creating smooth, fast flow through each unit’s processes. It identifies and eliminates types of waste—overproduction, waiting, unnecessary motion, extra handling, excess inventory, defects, and over-processing—so work moves quickly with fewer resources. In a unit, this means shorter cycle times, lower inventory, fewer handoffs, and more reliable delivery. Lean also uses tools like value stream mapping and pull systems to align work with demand and prevent overproduction. Kanban is a signaling and scheduling tool used within Lean to control flow, supporting the goal of reducing waste, but the overall focus is Lean’s waste-reduction emphasis. Six Sigma targets reducing variation and defects rather than waste per se, while Total Quality covers broader quality management beyond the specific waste-elimination focus of Lean.